Complicate Government System Of U.S. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1594 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Government Essay Did you like this example? The United States of Americas government system is a truly complex and intricate work. Beginning so long ago, the American government system that is implicated today took years and years to advance and become stronger, becoming one of the powerhouses of the world as we know it today. Then again it wasnt always like this. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Complicate Government System Of U.S." essay for you Create order In American history, a key element to the foundation of America is government and the changes the system has gone through the years. This essay will discuss some of the changes that occurred from 1900 to 1945 in the country. With important topics such as progressivism, The Square Deal, The New Deal, Suffrage movement, WWI and WWII, and also the New Era this essay will specifically address the actions taken by the government or not taken by the government and their effects on the American people. With the country constantly going through difficult times and attempting to control its citizens from 1900-1945, certain actions the government took were, the assistance of the Courts to make decisions, the ability to pass laws with Congress, and the implications of orders and deals by the President.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With rapid industrialization hitting America and times beginning to change and advance the government looked for federal and state level courts to assist in the creation of new order and a better way of life. This occurred during the Progressive Era when the industrialization of America was accelerating. The decisions that surrounded this political movement were founded to improve the quality of life, change the before corrupt and inefficient government and allow more government voice and involvement in businesses. The impacts during the time of the Progressive Era were seen as both positive and negative by different sides of the American community. In the progressive community many believed that the rich should be superior. However, not just any rich people, white wealthy men should remain wealthy and superior. This meant that whites would dominate business and main outlets in industry. In the black community this was seen and taken negatively. One of th e eras most celebrated black leaders, Booker T. Washington, proposed another idea for racial accommodation to what he thought was a path towards progress. Washington was an educated black man, that was born into slavery but found his way out and became loved by many including whites. He proposed that in the time of the Progressive Era people need to stay segregated and support their communities but push for each and everyones individual rights and equality. Blacks should also start and create businesses for themselves and their communitys well being and prosperity. After the Progressive Era came the War but after that came the New Era. The New Ear, similar to the Progressive Era, was Americas continued economic growth but this time with a boom in consumer culture. After the first World Wars end in 1918, the American government started to encourage business but with less involvement physically in businesses. At this time there were a large number of positive outcomes and reactions from citizens. There became a higher importance for consumer goods, with people spending to feel good and to increase social status, as well as the introduction to credit spending. African Americans during this time also decided to make their mark on society. Commonly referred to as the New Negro blacks, attempted to change their position in society with the introduction of businesses and more societal contribution. As the American society advanced and people gained more power and economic security within themselves the government needed to establish better laws, and regulations through Congress. During the New Era, the 1920s with cities and businesses booming alcohol became an issue to the government. To battle alcoholism, reduce violence and crime rates, and lessen the tax burden created by the prison system, Congress put forth the 18th Amendment. The 18th Amendment called for the prohibition of alcohol. This rule put forth by the government had a very opposite result and impact on the society, instead more people pushed against the amendment and fought for alcohol to be easily consumed and available. At the end of this Era there became a huge gap in wealth with distribution at one percent, as well as decline in wages also leading to an increase in personal debt. Another decision the government made in the past was the establishment of the 19th Amendment. At the time suffrage for women was not a universally accepted dilemma. It wasnt until the National Women Party in 1913, that womens voices were heard about the issue. Women became more public to push for change participating in picketing and then hunger strikes in jail. With all the attention the issue brought the 19th Amendment was finally passed. While the government continued establish better laws, they also had a responsibility to take care of their states in times of need. One of these actions taken was the creation of the New Deal. With the Great Depression tearing apart American citizens creating unemployment at 23.6% and a 40% bank failure, the New Deal projects and programs, by Franklin D. Roosevelt, were to stabilize society and aid those who were suffering. The New Deal didnt necessarily help all races however. For African Americans it offered some certain programs but segregation still existed alongside racism and blacks were still excluded from social security. As for the Mexican community, they were asked to come and leave based on the availability of work active, and even if you were a child born in America with Mexican parents you had to leave as well. Asian Americans were also payed to leave the country so that they didnt have to take care of other races. An important time where the New Deal was successful in helping a community was the Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl was a time in which it had stopped raining from 1932-1939. With mostly all their crops destroyed and hard to find food the government had ste pped in to provide aid. Red Cross services provided face masks to prevent people from inhaling dust while the government provided canned food, relief checks and even money for cattle to be slaughtered. With benefits to the New Deal and some drawback it overall didnt create too much economic movement. It didnt end depression or unemployment, it didnt redistribute the wealth, and it didnt solve governmental issues or economical issues but it prevented the country from becoming worse. Although decisions and actions like the New Deal might have not solved issues like the Great Depression, Presidents decisions definitely impacted America both positively and negatively. America engaged in war with Germany, Japan, Vietnam each ending with America, or the Allies, victory. In World War 1 the United States fought with the Allied forces, England, France, Italy and more, against the Central Powers, Germany, the Ottoman Empire and more. After the first war they had planned for peace and Woodrow Wilson created the 14 points plan, fourteen points of peace after the war. Soon after Wilson proposed the League of Nations for the resolution of international conflict but the United States never joined. It was at the League of Nations that Treaty of Versailles was made in 1918, blaming Germans for sole responsibility of the war. In America after WWI the economy started booming but an interesting reaction was noticed in the African American community. In the war blacks who had answe red the call to service ended up being segregated into jobs of less worth, when initially they had gone to prove their worth and make claims for equality in America. They came back with everything looking the same. This led to the Great Migration where many African Americans moved through the country, some to Africa to start new communities. This rapid migration led to the development of many black communities in popular cities like New York, Los Angeles and more. Later WWII had a similar global impact, but in the United States specifically it drastically boosted the economy. At the end of WWII wartime production was so high that it ended the Great Depression. A lot of the help that was provided to boost production came from people who stayed at home during WWII, because it was the largest armed conflict in history people wanted to help wherever they were. In many situations women would help in the war efforts, to make and supply troops with different gear or other needs like transportation, food, clothing etc. These women would often be family members of troops who are fighting in hopes to see their loved ones faster or to feel a sense of contri bution even for the smallest of tasks. Jobs provided during the war time also made more more money and a better salary than others. Women were able to find a meaning to life and a sense of purpose during the war. Even with the country constantly going through difficult times and attempting to control its citizens, certain actions the government took were, the assistance of the Courts to make decisions, the ability to pass laws with Congress, and the implications of orders and deals by the President. It is interesting to learn about the governments actions and their impacts on the society because a lot of times you may not be aware of the direct effect on your life. In todays society the United States government arguably makes a lot of irrational decisions and takes actions many would avoid completely. As the government progresses and advances in the modern day it is important to look at the impacts the governments decisions have on your life.

George W. Bush s Foreign Policy Successful - 1601 Words

To what extent was George W. Bush’s foreign policy successful?  ¬ â€Å"Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel American resolve† - George. W. Bush Prior to World War I, the United States’ foreign policy remained predominantly isolated. However, upon the end of the war, American foreign policy saw a pragmatic shift from its original isolationistic nature to XXXXX . America’s policy then was calling for American to avoid entangling political alliance. The new policy of the United States differed from the original in that it focused more on the cooperation between each nation and the international†¦show more content†¦However, what truly shaped Bush’s time in office were the terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001 Bush declared a global war on terror in response to this attack. He also established the Department of Homeland Security and authorized some U.S.-led wars in the Middle East. The attacks completely shifted the making of American foreign policy. These shifts were abrupt and made under intense emotional stress, but it has also created a precedent in the way the U.S. engaged in the world. Ame rican foreign policy became much more militarized than it was in the past. The Bush Administration passed policies to the use of force against countries without legal jurisdiction, drone strikes in countries wherein the US is not at war, mass interception of private information snooping on American and world citizens, cover- up operations, and so forth. In response to the September 11th attacks, Bush started what has become the longest war in American history – A global war on terror. During his time in office, President George W. Bush has led the American people through trials and hardships unseen since Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency - an attack on American soil. Through his devotion to the safety of America in the War on Terrorism, as well as his attention to key domestic issues, the President continued to fight hard for the country’s democratic ideals. Bush stood firm on his beliefs in what is best for the American public. What triggered the change was

The History of the Hand Grenade

A grenade is a small explosive, chemical, or gas bomb. It is used at short range, thrown by hand or launched with a grenade launcher. The resulting powerful explosion causes shockwaves and disperses high-speed fragments of the metal, which provoke shrapnel wounds. The word grenade comes from the French word for pomegranate. because the early grenades looked like pomegranates. Origins The earliest recorded grenades were from the 8th century CE, Byzantine period incendiary weapons known as the Greek Fire. Enhancements over the next few centuries spread the technology through the Islamic world and into the Far East. Early Chinese grenades featured a metal casing and a gunpowder filling. Fusese were waxed candle sticks. Grenades first came into widespread military use in Europe in the 16th century. The first grenades were hollow iron balls filled with gunpowder and ignited by a slow burning fuse rolled in dampened gunpowder and dried. This standard design weighed between 2.5 and six pounds each. During the 17th  century, armies began to form specialized divisions of soldiers trained to throw grenades. These specialists were called grenadiers, and for a time were regarded as elite fighters; by the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1815), elite grenadiers left the grenade throwing to fighting direct sieges. By the 19th century, with the increased improvement of firearms, grenades popularity decreased and largely fell out of use. They were first used extensively again during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). The hand grenades of World War I can be described as empty cans filled with gunpowder and stones, with a primitive fuse. The Australians used the tin cans from jam and their early grenades were nicknamed Jam Bombs. Mills Bomb The first safe (for the person throwing it) grenade was the Mills bomb, invented by English engineer and designer William Mills in 1915. Mills bomb incorporated some design elements of a Belgian self-igniting grenade, however, he added safety enhancements and upgraded its deadly efficiency. These changes revolutionized trench-war combat. Britain manufactured millions of Mills bombs pins during the course of World War I, popularizing the explosive device that remains one of the most iconic weapons of the 20th  century. Other Types Two other important grenade designs that emerged from the first war are the German stick grenade, a narrow explosive with sometimes troublesome pull chord that was prone to accidental detonation, and the Mk II â€Å"pineapple† grenade, designed for the U.S. military in 1918. Sources and Further Information Carman, W.Y. A History of Firearms: From Earliest Times to 1914. London: Routledge, 2016.Chase, Kenneth Warren. Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.OLeary, Thomas A. Hand Grenade. Patent US2080896A. U.S. Patent Office, May 18, 1937.  Rottman, Gordon L. The Hand Grenade. New York: Bloomsbury, 2015.

Ethical Dilemma - 1731 Words

Ethical Dilemma (Author’s name) (Institutional Affiliation) Abstract This research paper seeks to resolve a particular case of an ethical dilemma. This has been necessitated by the fact that ethical dilemmas are a recurrent part of life. Moreover, ethical dilemmas have become a key point of argument in the field of ethics and interestingly, philosophy as well (Garsten Hernes, 2009). As an inividual, I find myself facing moral dilemma situation quite frequently which makes the exploration of this subject a fascinating intrigue. This exhaustive research thus attempts to integrate all the possible actions that can be undertaken to lead towards the understanding of ethical dilemma. Methodologies used to accomplish this include†¦show more content†¦This bodes well with the fact no one is above the law, be they a dear friend or otherwise. Here, the dilemma is between the two morals (personal ethics and societal guidelines) whereby whichever decision is to be undertaken will have intolerable repercussions. Of worth noting is the fact that these consequences, be they positive or negative, will have either a long term or short run impact; especially where best friends are involved like in this case. Solving ethical dilemmas is a delicate balancing act between serving personal vested interests and meeting social expectations. The key goal when solving these moral paradoxes should be the intention of achieving greater good over lesser evil, simply meaning gaining greater good out of any given case. Ideally, ethical systems or mechanisms should allow for tradeoffs or priorities of decisions i.e. the greater good is more desirable even though the action undertaken is morally wrong. Generally, there are two main approaches used by ethical philosophers in troubleshooting ethical dilemmas: namely the consequentalist approach and the deontological approach. The first approach deals with the resulting consequences of actions taken while the other is concerned with the practical actions themselves. The former school of thought simply argues ‘no harm, no foul’ i.e. if no harm isShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1538 Words   |  7 Pages1. Discuss an ethical dilemma that you have had to face in the workplace. Ethical dilemmas often occur when a manager or an employee is faced with two or more conflicting choices. Give as many facts and details as possible in describing your dilemma. The most difficult ethical dilemma I have dealt with was a summer job I had this past summer, while I was working for a bakery in my hometown. This past particular summer really tested what I believe is right and wrong and how to speak up. One of myRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1291 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas in the Workplace As a manager, you are the role model for staff. You set the standards, adhere to guidelines, and exemplify what you expect staff to model. By doing so, you are establishing and sustaining an organizational culture of ethics and integrity, which is the backbone of all successful endeavors. However, even the best structured organizations face ethical dilemmas in the workplace. It is how management recognizes and addresses these occurrences that will either set themRead MoreEthical Dilemma Assignment1766 Words   |  8 PagesCONSENT FORM Thank you for being willing to take part in this interview exploring ethical conflict or turbulence. I would like to transcribe the content of this interview to form a written document to be submitted to Sheffield Hallam University as a piece of assessed piece of coursework. It is important that you only take part in this interview if you want to. As such I would be delighted if you would complete and sign this confidentiality questionnaire prior to the interview taking place. (i)Read MoreCase Analysis : Ethical Dilemma1318 Words   |  6 PagesTitle of Paper: Ethical Dilemma One INTRODUCTION Mrs. Smith, is an 81-year-old widow. She has been widowed for over twenty years. She has been very independent with some assistance from neighbors due to her son living out of the area and unable to assist. Recently, she has had issues with her independence. She has set two accidental fires that caused damages to her apartment, as well as had a recent fall in the bathtub. These issues have gained her son’s attention which has led him to requestRead MoreEthical Dilemma at Workplace Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction – What is an ethical dilemma? Ethics is the term we give to our concern for good behavior.   It is human nature to not only be concerned with our own personal well being, but also that of others and of human society as a whole.   The difference between moral dilemmas and ethical ones, philosophers say, is that in moral issues the choice is between right and wrong.   In ethical ones, the choice is between two rights. Everyday Im faced with decisions of right and wrong, most of whichRead Moret Types of ethical dilemmas Mastery67Questions123Materials Essay2477 Words   |  10 PagesTypes of ethical dilemmas Mastery 67% Questions 1 2 3 Materials on the concept: Typical Moral Dilemmas Confronting Business Communicators Ethics and Law for Management Communication Top of Form 1. As part of an effort to hire younger workers, a multinational organization assures applicants that they will get to visit its offices in other countries and work with the employees there. However, only two out of every nine workers actually get selected for such projects. What moral dilemma best fitsRead MoreEthical Dilemma Case Study842 Words   |  4 PagesAn ethical dilemma is a situation by which its difficult to determine whether a situation is can be handled without disappointing both sides. Therefore, an ethical dilemma exists when the right thing to do is clear or when members of the healthcare team cannot agree on the right thing to do. Ethical dilemmas require negotiation of different points of view (potter, Perry, Stockert, Hall 2011pg 78). The case study briefly explains a situation between daughter and father regarding the fathersRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemmas of Collecting Data and the Consequential Revision of Commodities, Culture and the Politics of Representations Definitions 1751 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation or data has become assets to companies, being regarded as property to be bought and sold to between companies. However, this has put forward the following primary ethical dilemmas surrounding human rights: the right to informed consent and the right to personal data. In addition to the creation of ethical dilemmas, the collection of human data has brought about a need for a revision of definitions. Commodities are known as a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be boughtRead MoreVices and Virtues: Ethical Dilemmas of a Fading Man Essay1932 Words   |  8 PagesVices Virtues: Ethical Dilemmas of a Fading Man When Sidney Stewart was freed in Manchuria in 1945 after 3 years of imprisonment by the Japanese, the 6’3 American weighed 65 pounds (Goldstein). Stewart was an Army private stationed in Manila in 1942 when they were overpowered by the Japanese. The 21 year-old wasn’t the killing type of soldier. Of course he killed when required, but he wasn’t murderous. He’d been sent to Luzon on the Bataan peninsula after the Japanese invasion and was soonRead MoreNursing Leaders Are Struggling Ethical Dilemmas1263 Words   |  6 Pagesstruggling in ethical dilemmas daily. Ethical dilemma is one of the issue/challenge to the nursing leader. Ethical dilemmas occur when nursing personal values and beliefs conflict with some aspect of nursing care. The struggle is to provide the best nursing care despite of the nurses’ feelings. For example: RN/ nursing leader in residential home has always dilemmas while restraining the patient. sometime patient become so aggr essive that they can harm other people and worker. The dilemma in this situation

Financial Implication of Decision Free Essays

Evidencing the increased emphasis on exit strategy was research conducted during the mid-1960s through the mid-1970s that analyzed the exit process and created a framework that business decision makers could use to determine when and how to exit. For example, Conrad Berenson posited an exit model in 1963 that identified five categories of criteria used to evaluate a product abandonment decision: 1. Financial security, which entails determining if the minimum return on investment is being met for the firm; 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Implication of Decision or any similar topic only for you Order Now Financial opportunity, or calculating the return on alternative uses of the firm’s resources; 3. Marketing strategy, which determines the value of the product above pure financial profit, such as brand-name worth and the value of established distribution channels; 4. Social responsibility, or criteria that encompass the firm’s responsibilities to customers, employees, suppliers, and so forth; and 5. Organized intervention, which takes into account actions by government, society, or labor groups as a result of the decision to exit. And you need to anticipate the impact of key business decisions on your accounting and financial reporting. * Is your organization raising debt or equity? Acquiring a business? Carving-out a non-core operation? Complex accounting and financial reporting issues can arise as a result of changes dictated by your entity’s capital agenda. * Are you undertaking a significant business transformation? Assessing how a shared services center can improve efficiencies in your reporting process? Streamlining your accounting policies can help you reduce risk and manage cost. * Does the business operate in multiple jurisdictions? An assessment of your statutory reporting processes can allow you to manage risk, increase consistency in financial reporting, and realize efficiencies. * Are you planning to upgrade or replace your existing ERP system? Early assessment of changing accounting requirements should be incorporated into planned migrations to avoid expensive rework later. How to cite Financial Implication of Decision, Papers

Earnings Management Practices-.com

Questions: Discuss about Earnings Management Erodes the Credibility of Financial Reporting and adversely affects the Stakeholders Interest of a Companys. Answers: The credibility of financial reporting is based on its ability to deliver maximum necessary and correct information of an entitys state of affairs to its stakeholders. Financial reports are the only effective means of communication between the entity and its stakeholders. These stakeholders are the intended users of the financial reports prepared by the management of the entity. They are generally classified into two categories i.e. internal stakeholders and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are those people whose decisions affects the internal operations of the company as they are directly involved in those internal operations, such as employees, managers etc. whereas external stakeholders are not involved in the internal activities of business but they are somehow associated with the business of that particular entity, such as shareholders, investors, government, local community, suppliers and the customers. As these stakeholders do not directly participate in the intern al business operations they rely on the information that is contained in the report to make economic decisions in relation to the business of the entity. One of the major purpose of preparation of these financial reports is to enable the stakeholders to determine and evaluate the efficiency of business of the reporting entity. Therefore, the relevance of those financial reports primarily depends on their ability to meet the intended users information needs. In preparation and presentation of financial reports, managers who generally acts as agents to the stakeholders, may prepare those reports in such a way that fulfils their objectives of personal profiteering by providing misleading information to the stakeholders. Those exercises are commonly known as earnings management practices (Popoola, 2016). The managers may take the undue advantage of their positions in the management of the company for their self-centred motives (Kazemian Zuraidah, 2015). For example, a manager, in order to boost their incentives like bonus or commission to be paid to him on achieving a certain targets may indulge in the practices of inflating the turnover amount than the actual amount, based on which he will be entitled to that bonus or commission. This exercise will ultimately lead to incorporation of misleading or falsified information in the financial reports to be delivered to the stakeholders of the company. Benefits like this, tempts the business mana gers to divert the funds and other resources of the company in activities that are detrimental to the interest of the stakeholders and their wealth maximisation objectives (Magrath Leonard,2002). Earnings management is, thus, the act of maximising the personal or groups benefits by taking the advantages of loopholes in the rules and laws of financial reporting (Hamid, Hafiza Zalailah, 2012). These practices generally detriment the stakeholders of the company as it directly or indirectly influences their decisions. As these stakeholders place heavy reliance on the financial reports while making decisions regarding engaging or remaining engaged with the company through any kind of business relationship, the credibility of those financial statements plays the role of utmost importance. One misleading information can impact the readers decisions causing them an unreasonable loss. For instance, the managers may manipulate various elements of the financial statements that depicts the pr ofitability and liquidity position of the business by making the several accounting adjustments to seek finances from the providers of finance such as investors, shareholders, banking institutions and other parties (Suffian, et al., 2015). The case of Enron, which is the classic example of corporate failure due to the extreme involvement of earnings management practices by the management of the company (Gordon, 2002). Enrons scandal had finally led to its bankruptcy as the management of the company had hid its financial losses from the stakeholders of the company. It was identified in that case that prime reason for the fall of the company was due to the failure of board of directors and the management to assume responsibility for the inherent risk involved in the business plans of the company as well as the use of special purpose entities i.e. the limited partnerships and companies to fulfil the temporary purposes and other related structured financing forms to misuse of the off balance sheet financing. The balance sheet of the company was misrepresented to indicate the fake favourable position to the shareholders and other stakeholders of the company. The dysfunctional corporate culture of the company made the manage rs obsessed with the short term earnings of the company so as to maximise their individual bonuses (Sims, Ronald Johannes, 2003). Therefore, Enrons employees were involved in making deals to achieve better performance ratings ignoring the quality of overall profits and cash flows of the company. Further, the company managed to raise large amounts of capital funds by adopting the earnings management exercises of concealing the actual performance of company through various accounting and financial adjustments. Therefore, it can be concluded that earnings management is the strategy that is used by companys management to intentionally manipulate the earnings of the company so as to match the figures with the pre-determined target. Rather to have a fluctuating earnings record, the management of the company strives to have a stable earnings record by making adjustments to several elements of the company. These practices are either undertaken to show the smooth earnings trends of the company or to avoid the disclosure of actual losses incurred or for the personal benefits of the managers or to hide any other economic reality of the company. So, people indulged in the practices of earnings management may have different ways and purposes. But, the acts of earnings management often affects adversely the authenticity of the financial information contained in the reports, the concept of corporate governance must be given due consideration to curb the fraudulent practices of earnings management (Mans or, et al., 2013). However, it is not always illegal to undertake earnings management. References Gordon, Jeffrey N. "What Enron means for the management and control of the modern business corporation: Some initial reflections."The University of Chicago Law Review(2002): 1233-1250. Hamid, Farisha, Hafiza Aishah Hashim, and Zalailah Salleh. "Motivation for earnings management among auditors in Malaysia."Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences65 (2012): 239-246. Kazemian, Soheil, and Zuraidah Mohd Sanusi. "Earnings management and ownership Structure."Procedia Economics and Finance31 (2015): 618-624. Magrath, Lorraine, and Leonard G. Weld. "Abusive earnings management and early warning signs."The CPA Journal72.8 (2002): 50. Mansor, N., et al. "Corporate governance and earnings management: A study on the Malaysian family and non-family owned PLCs."Procedia Economics and Finance7 (2013): 221-229. Popoola, Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson, Vince Ratnawati, and Mohamad Ali Abdul Hamid. "The interaction effect of Institutional Ownership and Firm Size on the relationship between Managerial Ownership and Earnings Management." (2016): 304-310. Sims, Ronald R., and Johannes Brinkmann. "Enron ethics (or: culture matters more than codes)."Journal of Business ethics45.3 (2003): 243-256. Suffian, Mohd Taufik Mohd, et al. "Manipulation of Earnings: The Pressure of Opportunistic Behavior and Monitoring Mechanisms in Malaysian Shariah-compliant Companies."Procedia Economics and Finance31 (2015): 213-227.

Describe the difference between spoken and written modes in form and function Essay Example For Students

Describe the difference between spoken and written modes in form and function Essay Speaking and writing are two different methods of communication which todays society cannot be without. The mode a person chooses to communicate with depends on a number of things such as the situation, the person giving the information and the person receiving it. Speech is an impermanent method of communication as it cannot be recalled due to memory problems, therefore, it is less suitable for long and complex messages. It is a instantaneous and interactive method of a communication which is why it is a useful way of communicating emotions as well as the best method for conversation. It is more likely to be informal, subjective and personal. The written mode of communication is fixed and permanent. Writing is more objective and impersonal and is a good method of communication to use for planning, correctness, keeping records and organisation. I will convey why these two different modes of communication are beneficial in different forms and how and why their functions make this so. In the written mode of communication, you may have a distant or unknown audience whereas in the spoken mode, you will be able to see or hear the person you are speaking to which means that speech is interactive. The other person therefore has chance to reply and ask questions. This is where minimal responses such as mmm and yeah are used to let the speaker know that they are being understood or followed. The speaker often requests this minimal response with questions like you see or do you know what I mean. This is clearly displayed in Extract 1 when Henry Cockburn says because its quite near you see and the interviewer replies with yeah and then Henry carries on speaking. Henry probably did not want to know if the interviewer knew that it was quite near, just that he was listening and followed his speech which is why this requests for a response actually occur. Speech is interactive because it can be used in a face to face situation, over the phone and interpersonal in many other respects. However there are exceptions to this. The spoken mode is not always an interactive experience; spoken words can be recorded onto a Dictaphone for example and later played back to the receiver which also means that it is not an impermanent method of communication as previously mentioned, nor is it instantaneous. Recorded speech is just as useful as the written mode of communication in some respects; this is because it can be listened to over and over again until the recipient fully understands the meaning. It is also suitable for complex messages for the same reasons. Feedback, if necessary, can also be slow or delayed because of this. The written mode of communication is distant in time which means that reading and feedback can be slow or delayed. It can also be one way communication with no feedback. However, there are always exceptions to rules. Writing is not always distant in time as new technology such as instant messaging allows communication through the written mode to take place instantaneously. Using the written mode of communication can be beneficial in many ways. The written text will reach the recipient in the form which has been exactly desired by the writer as it can be revised and edited many times before passing it on corrected to the recipient. This is very useful as you have time to spend thinking about what you want to say and how you want to say it whereas with speech you cannot have time to spend thinking about how or what you want to say and how you want to say it as it is instantaneous. This is clearly displayed in Extract 1 Joining Manchester United FC where the interviewer says How how what was the age range Here, two of the most prominent flaws in speech are conveyed; repetition and then a change of what is being said due to a false start. Gangs of Chicago EssayAs well as being more standardised and less personal, the written mode of communication has to be clear and unambiguous, and avoid context-bound expressions. This is especially relevant when writing to an unknown or mass audience so they can fully understand what you are trying to convey to them. Speech is unlike this. It is a lot more context bound and can be vague, imprecise, roundabout and also need feedback questions. However this is not the case with prepared speech. The requirements for the written mode of communication I have just mentioned do not always apply though. Many quick notes and text messages between friends are just as full of the inaccuracies of speech as speech itself! An extract from a recent text message I recieved from a friend read, boo! dontforget 2meet us outside the place where u no who fullmontybonked wiv [emailprotected] txtbak luvk8xxx That extract from a text message between two friends is very vague, imprecise, totally informal with no punctuation or structured sentences and is extremely context bound. It also has mis-spelled words, colloquialisms and the taboo language is from and the specific group of friends lexis. If that particular text message had been written in standard English and in a more formal situation it would have probably read Hello Cassie, I would like to confirm the previously made arrangement to meet with you outside The Bridgwater Hotel, at nine Oclock tonight. I would greatly appreciate it if you could contact me at your earliest convenience to clarify this. Thank you, Kate. However, as it was a text message sent between two friends and the recipient of the message was able to understand the sender clearly. This is because it was a situation understood by a group of friends so it was OK for it to be context bound and vague. As I mentioned previously, prepared speech is unlike spontaneous speech and does not conform to the stereotypes of the spoken mode, as it is more like the written mode. In prepared speech, the language is less redundant, with tighter sentence construction and a lot less, if no self-correction . it is also likely to be more formal. As it is prepared it flows a lot easier as you know what you are going to say so typical flaws of the spoken mode of communication are not as readily present. This is could also be because prepared speech is sometimes read. And as the written mode of communication is of more organised grammar with periodic sentences and paragraphs, it is by far more structured. Depending on the context, one form of communication will be required firstly above the other. Because conversation plays such a big part in all of our lives, speech I would the most widely used mode of communication. This is because it is instantaneous, giving us instant feedback and also lets us know more about the whole person due to emotions being conveyed more effectively through not only the language itself, but body language, tone and eye contact. The written mode of communication is more widely used in business as it is very useful for keeping permanent records of customer details and transactions which are completely necessary. It is also useful in case they ever have a dispute and need to prove something in court as they have a written evidence. However, new technology such as text messaging, instant messaging over the inter-net and e-mail are encouraging people to contact each other using the written mode of communication a lot more frequently. However, speaking from personal experience, I do have to add that the only time I talk on an instant messaging service is when the person who I am trying to contact is engaged on their phone line! It is the same with text messages; if they have there phone turned off, I text them so I know that as soon as they turn it on they will receive a message from me telling them what I needed them to know! My personal favourite method of communication is speech; there is nothing better than a good conversation!